Archive for August, 2010

A reminder of the first Le Mans KERS effort

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

kersThere has been much time, effort and money expended in bringing kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) to Formula One. The much-heralded introduction saw many of the teams developing a system at great expense and not choosing to race it, or those racing with KERS not really seeing a huge benefit.

At the end of the 2009 race season, the media seemed to be of the opinion that the team that had achieved most from KERS, having used the most successful system, was McLaren. Its KERS system was developed in conjunction with Mercedes and Zytek. Read more…

Compacted Graphite Iron, or….not?

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

heads-blocksIn the July 2010 issue of RET-Monitor, keyword: heads-blocks, I gave some insight into fracture splitting of the main bearing cap. The advantages of a fractured split line were discussed, including the design freedom that can be achieved using fracture splitting.

What I did not mention though - and this is where this article connects to the previous one - is the fact that fracture splitting cannot be done with every type of cast iron. Based on the process-specific requirements, fracture splitting is possible when using Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) material. So would there be more to gain using this material, and what are the limitations? Read more…

Fuel economy

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

fuel-lubricantsTo many, the words ‘fuel’ and ‘economy’ have no real place in the motorsports world. After all, and as everyone knows, to save fuel the driver has to be delicate on the throttle, avoid braking and keep in as high a gear as he (or she) can. And with these actions seemingly totally at odds with the concept of travelling quickly, I might find it hard to do anything other than agree.

Nevertheless, there are times when race organisers wish to restrict the amount of fuel carried on board and therefore stipulate a maximum tank capacity to which all competitors must comply. In such cases, in order to finish the race and assuming refuelling is not allowed (or even desirable), it will be necessary to eke out the fuel supply in some way or another. Read more…

Composite Materials

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

fastenersThe use of composite materials in racecars is not new; nor does it represent a particular novelty for race engines. The strength, stiffness and low density make them ideal for many components, both structural and decorative.

It is now pretty rare to find a race engine airbox, certainly on ‘formula’ cars, made from anything other than carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. It has also been used to good effect for plenums on turbocharged engines, on structural covers for race engines and in parts used specifically to increase the stiffness of the engine in order to provide a performance benefit to the vehicle as a whole. It is widely used for electrical boxes and cosmetic covers too. Read more…

X-by-wire

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

ecu-emsOne of the biggest changes to the engine ECU in recent years has been the rise of the drive-by-wire system. Generically known as ‘x-by-wire’ or sometimes (incorrectly) as ‘fly-by-wire’, such systems were introduced by vehicle OEMs in response to more punitive emissions legislation in recent years.

Consisting of a throttle pedal device requesting a torque demand from the engine, the engine ECU calculates the ignition and fuelling necessary and requests the appropriate amount of air from the engine throttle. With no physical cable connecting the throttle pedal to the unit on the engine, communication is achieved solely via electronics and digital signals. Systems similar to these were first used without mechanical back-up in the F-16 jet fighter in 1974 and then the Airbus A320 commercial airliner 14 years later. Read more…

The control freak

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

dynamometersI’m sure we’ve all been accused of it at some time - the compulsive desire to have things just the way we want them, with little or no compromise. Perfection is the goal, anything else is a poor second best and, except in the case of pure genius perhaps, it is often considered a major flaw in one’s character. But in the world of engine dynamometers, control is everything.

Many of you will no doubt be familiar with the large and unmistakable throttle lever alongside the console of an older engine test bed. Linked directly to the engine throttle via an equally unambiguous control cable or metal rod, throttle control was left entirely to the tester, and should anything become amiss or the engine detonate for so much as a split-second, the throttle would be wrenched away from fully open or rammed shut as an instinctive reaction. Read more…

Camshaft drive gears

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

crankshaftsWhile the main purpose of a crank is obvious, it has many other demands placed upon it. Rotating constantly as it does, it is ideal for taking drives to other assemblies such as pumps. While it is possible to drive pumps electrically - and there are some advantages to doing this - it is banned in some forms of motorsport, and the vast majority of series-production engines drive their pumps mechanically.

With very few exceptions, four-stroke engines use camshafts to open poppet valves, and the cams need to be driven at a fixed speed ratio to the crankshaft, and timed to the motion of the piston very precisely. While it would perhaps be convenient to do so, nobody drives the cams electrically, and so a mechanical connection between the crankshaft and the camshaft(s) is necessary. Read more…

Metal-matrix composite rods

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

con-rodsIn my previous article on the subject of con rods I asked, “Can we manage without big-end bearings?” and went on to look at the various attempts to do this and the possible future options. The article briefly mentioned the benefits of not having a bearing, and observed that there is one currently successful application of bearing-free technology being raced.

In the application concerned - four-stroke, single-cylinder race engines with ‘assembled’ cranks, where the crankshaft isn’t a single piece but is assembled with the con rod in place - there is an advantage in terms of design simplicity: the con rod can be a single piece rather than an assembly split at the big end. This means that there is neither a requirement for bolts to secure a cap, nor dowels or pins to ensure correct rod-to-cap alignment. Read more…

Thermal dispersion coatings

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

coatingsIn the recent coatings Focus article in Race Engine Technology (Issue 47, June/July 2010), there was brief mention of thermal dispersion coatings. The aim of these coatings is to eliminate surface ‘hot spots’ on components and thereby equalise the temperature. Their most common use is on cooling system components, although one supplier we spoke to said one of his customers found success using the coating on aluminium connecting rods, making them less prone to failure.

In terms of the eliminating surface hot spots, there are obvious advantages with being able to do this. There are many materials used in or around a race engine that experience a significant drop in mechanical and fatigue properties with increasing temperature. If we can achieve a better temperature distribution over the surface, we could avoid there being a premature failure at the hot spot. Read more…

Camshaft surface finish

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

camshaftsThe complex interaction of components that represents the valvetrain operates in some of the most difficult tribological circumstances. With rapid changes in instantaneous direction between adjacent parts, and high contact stresses, the challenge of maximising the output of the engine while maintaining an acceptable level of reliability has never been more onerous.

While it is true that the vast majority of camshaft wear takes place during cold start and warm-up, when the temperature of the oil is less than 60 C, the durability and performance of the valvetrain can still be a major consideration when the engine is operating at its normal working temperature. At the most basic level it’s all about friction and its inevitable consequence - wear. Read more…